Author: Onlineservices

Introduction Nanotechnology has revolutionized materials science by enabling the design and manipulation of substances at the atomic and molecular levels. Among the many nanomaterials studied today, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAp NPs) have gained significant attention due to their remarkable structural, chemical, and biological properties. Hydroxyapatite, a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium phosphate, is the primary inorganic component of human bones and teeth. Because of this similarity, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles have become essential materials in fields such as biomedicine, dentistry, tissue engineering, and advanced materials science. Understanding the structural properties of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles is crucial for optimizing their performance in various applications.…